The question of formulating a general principle that can account for the differing judgements arising in different variants of the story was raised in a 1967 philosophy paper by Philippa Foot, and dubbed "the trolley problem" by Judith Jarvis Thomson in a 1976 article that catalyzed a large literature.
Opinions on the ethics of each scenario turn out to be sensitive to details of the story that may seem immaterial to the abstract dilemma. Then other variations of the runaway vehicle, and analogous life-and-death dilemmas (medical, legal etc.) are posed, each containing the option to either do nothing, in which case several people will be killed, or intervene and sacrifice one initially "safe" person to save them.
National academies press juvenile delinquency page 404 driver#
The series usually begins with a scenario in which a runaway tram or trolley is on course to collide with and kill a number of people (traditionally five) down the track, but a driver or bystander can intervene and divert the vehicle to kill just one person on a different track. The trolley problem is a series of thought experiments in ethics and psychology, involving stylized ethical dilemmas of whether to sacrifice one person to save a larger number. One important benefit as a le.One of the dilemmas included in the trolley problem: should you pull the lever to divert the runaway trolley onto the side track? The age of majority means when one becomes an adult in terms of legal responsibilities that is, when one is legally an adult. Typically, the age of majority for establishing delinquency is age 18. Thus, juveniles can commit actions which would be a crime for anyone to commit, as well as behaviors which are prohibited solely because of underage status. These latter offenses are termed status offenses (Shoemaker, 2009). Most legal definitions of delinquency include at least two concepts: (a) the commission of criminal behavior by youth and (b) the commission of behavior which is unlawful for youth but not for adults. Often, delinquent behavior represents an effort of a youth to handle a difficult situation in his or her life, but with behavior which has been proscribed by legislative action. Juvenile delinquency is a legal term with social implications. Within the field of sociology, conduct problems are often described in terms of juvenile delinquency. These data suggest that the s-allele may confer some risk for aggressive behavior or may be in linkage disequilibrium with such an allele. Within-family analyses for conduct disorder with at least one aggressive symptom significantly favored greater transmission of the s-allele to affected offspring (chi(tdt)(2) = 4.13 P = 0.04) for conduct disorder, without aggressive symptoms, however, results were non-significant (chi(tdt)(2) = 1.61 P = 0.20). Case-control analyses suggested a strong association between the ss genotype and conduct disorder (chi2(2) = 14.3 P & amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp amp lt 0.01).
Second, using patient families where parental DNA was available, transmission disequilibrium tests were conducted for two phenotypes: (1) conduct disorder (74 trios), and (2) conduct disorder with at least one aggressive symptom (57 trios). Conduct-disordered adolescents, who were drawn from admissions to a program that treats adolescents with serious substance and behavior problems, and conduct-disordered siblings of these patients (n, 297) were compared with non-conduct-disordered control adolescents and non-conduct-disordered siblings of these controls (n, 93). Analysis for association between 5HTTLPR and conduct disorder/aggression using a case-control design and the transmission disequilibrium test. To test for an association between 5HTTLPR genotype and conduct disorder diagnosis/aggression. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region (s, short and l, long allele variant) of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) that results in decreased transcription of the serotonin transporter gene has been linked with such serotonin dysfunction.
Several lines of research have suggested that serotonin dysfunction is associated with aggression, impulsivity, and antisocial behavior.
0 kommentar(er)
